The disruptive potential of quantum computing has been attracting the attention of companies, governments and various sectors of the global economy. This makes sense, since this innovative approach, based on principles of quantum mechanics such as superposition, entanglement and interference, promises to overcome the limitations of classical computers in performing information processing operations and, in this way, enable previously unattainable solutions to complex problems.
Moving beyond classical computing
Quantum computers operate with qubits — which, thanks to the phenomenon of quantum superposition, can represent 0, 1 or a probabilistic combination of both at the same time, while conventional computing uses fixed bits (0 or 1). In other words, qubits allow for large-scale simultaneous operations, enabling the resolution of exponential problems that would be impractical — or would take thousands of years — on traditional computers.
In other words, this means that while a classical computer could take millions of years to find the prime factors of a 2048-bit number , qubits could theoretically perform this calculation in a matter of minutes.
Impact of quantum computing on companies and digital transformation
A study published in the “Revista de Estudos de Gestão, Informação e Tecnologia” (Journal of Management, Information and Technology Studies), conducted by researchers at FGV EAESP, analyzed the impact of this emerging approach on companies and digital transformation, highlighting that the key to quantum computing power lies in the ability to entangle an increasing number of atoms. In other words, this means doubling the computing capacity with each atom added.
The research also indicates that, although it may seem distant, quantum computing is about to be adopted on a large scale, with practical applications in several sectors — and estimates that around 40% of large corporations will prioritize learning and development in this area by 2025. After all, even though it is in its early stages, this technology will require a new set of skills and knowledge — in addition to an understanding of quantum principles.
Tendencies
Among the main trends in quantum computing for the coming years, the following stand out:
- Increase in qubit capacity
Increasing the number of qubits , as well as their improvement, are the main trends in quantum computing in the future. It is worth noting that large companies such as IBM and Google, as well as startups such as Rigetti and IonQ, are competing to build increasingly powerful quantum processors.
- Development of quantum algorithms
The potential of quantum computing over conventional methods can be exemplified by quantum algorithms such as Shor ‘s algorithm (for number factorization) and Grover ‘s algorithm (for database searches). However, new algorithms are being developed for optimization, machine learning, and simulation of complex systems — fundamental elements for the expansion of quantum technology.
- Software infrastructure and accessibility
Several companies have invested in the development of quantum software platforms to allow developers with limited knowledge of physics to create and test algorithms. In this scenario, it is worth noting that QaaS ( Quantum as a Service) is democratizing access to this approach, enabling organizations to experiment with applications without having to purchase their own hardware.
- Integration with classical computing
Although there is a vast field to be explored, the integration between quantum and conventional computers tends to be inevitable. Thus, hybrid systems are being developed to assign to classical machines specific stages (and more suited to their architecture) of certain computational tasks, reserving to quantum computers the problems that demand their exponential power.
Main applications of quantum computing
Below are some of the main applications of quantum computing that are attracting significant investment and fostering research around the world:
- Financial market
Widely seen as an early adopter of quantum computing, the financial market deals with demands that align perfectly with the capabilities of quantum computing in areas such as portfolio analysis, asset pricing, risk management and fraud detection, among others. Among the financial institutions that have conducted research into the use of this emerging approach, Barclays and JPMorgan stand out .
- Logistics and supply chain
Daimler and Google , among other companies, have invested in research into the possibilities that quantum algorithms can offer to the logistics and supply chain sectors . For example: analyzing millions of route combinations to identify the most efficient in terms of agility and cost, reducing carbon emissions, inventory planning, scenario simulations and managing complex supply chains.
- Pharmaceutical sector
Even though the immediate use of quantum computing still has limitations, there are great expectations regarding the discovery of new medicines — since the ability to simulate molecular interactions at the quantum level is beyond the reach of classical computing. An example of this is the collaboration of companies like IBM and specialized startups with companies in the pharmaceutical sector to develop new medicines and personalize therapies.
- Artificial intelligence and machine learning
Quantum computing is expected to transform the development of machine learning models and drive significant advances in artificial intelligence — especially when dealing with massive data sets. Thanks to their ability to explore highly complex patterns and relationships, quantum models promise to revolutionize areas such as pattern recognition, predictive analytics, and recommendation systems, offering greater efficiency and more accurate results.
Challenges
However, although it is very promising, quantum computing still faces considerable challenges and limitations, such as:
- Quantum error correction
Qubits are extremely unstable and susceptible to external interference, an aspect that makes it difficult to maintain quantum coherence (decoherence) ;
- Complexity and costs
Implementing quantum computing is complex and requires massive investments in infrastructure and research;
- Scalability
Expanding the number of functional qubits represents another major challenge, which requires advances in terms of engineering and maintaining quantum coherence in larger systems.
- Shortage of qualified professionals
Quantum computing requires an interdisciplinary set of knowledge that includes physics, mathematics and computer science, among others. This aspect makes it difficult to form specialized teams on a large scale.
Conclusion: Great expectations
Even with considerable challenges to its implementation — such as ongoing investment in infrastructure, research and development, and constant improvements — quantum computing is a promising approach that will open up new horizons in several sectors. For all intents and purposes, it can be said that companies and organizations that adopt and monitor the evolution of this revolutionary technology, in addition to preparing for future challenges, will play a crucial role in establishing a more connected, innovative, and efficient society.